English Society

English as a Foreign Language

English Society

English as a Foreign Language

Fire flies

An amateur naturalist steps into a fantastic world on a walk.

The alert amateur naturalist had first sighted the flickering glow in the distance, just after sunset. It took him an hour to reach the source, nestled in a dense wood, at the foot of the mountain.

His trek came to an abrupt halt. An ominous Iron Gate closed off the path ahead. A tall stonewall was built on each side of this path which disappeared into the distance. Atop each gate-pillar was an enormous glass lantern. The flashing light from these lanterns was brilliant, yet eerie.

Closer inspection revealed that the light came from millions of fireflies flying around inside each lantern. Strangely enough the flies didn’t appear to be stressed by their captive ‘home’.

His eyes became focused upon these tiny creatures. Their Morse code flashing seemed to beat invisible messages into his mind. He was mesmerised.

A small group of fireflies appeared at the gate. They thread their way through the ancient looking keyhole. The enormous key creaked and slowly turned to their command. The gate swung open. Walking in a hypnotic state, slowly up the winding driveway, he was dimly aware that he couldn’t take his eyes off the hundreds of smaller firefly lanterns that lined the winding drive.

His mind was almost devoid of any thought except the lanterns constant flashing, propelling him on up the mountain. Ahead, halfway up the slope, nestled amongst the tall pines, stood a large, rambling old house.
Fear made him start to tremble. He couldn’t seem to control his thoughts, emotions, or movements, as his legs involuntarily propelled him up the steps, towards the front door.

The door slowly opened. Shuffling inside, he was immediately surrounded by millions of fireflies, which flashed in a different rhythm from those left outside. These little creatures, normally so friendly and harmless to man, were now spiralling around him, almost making them feel giddy. He was literally ‘force flashed’ up the huge staircase inside, his body now helplessly out of control of his mind.

Breathing heavily, ears super sensitised to the lack of sound around him, and eyes unable to see further than the fireflies glow, he was allowed to pause at last at a heavy oak door at the top of the steps.

The fireflies left his side. He still couldn’t move. His feet didn't respond to his brain's commands. The fireflies flew up to the door. Incredibly, these tiny creatures started to form letters of the alphabet. A glow and low humming noise pulsated from behind the door. His hair started to stand up at the back of his neck. A minute later, the pulsating message flickered out in front of him.
‘COME IN, YE WHO DARE!’

Wendy Laing © 2000

What is Grammar | گرامر چیست؟

What is Grammar?l

Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.
Do we need to study grammar to learn a language? The short answer is "no". Very many people in the world speak their own, native language without having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word "grammar". But if you are serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is "yes, grammar can help you to learn a language more quickly and more efficiently." It's important to think of grammar as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book.
So think of grammar as something good, something positive, something that you can use to find your way - like a signpost or a map.

گرامر چیست؟گرامر سیستم هر زبان است. مردم بعضی وقتها گرامر را به عنوان "قوانین " یک زبان تعبیر می کنند. ولی واقعا هیچ زبانی قانون ندارد. اگر ما از لغت قانون استفاده کنیم، اینطور به نظر می رسد که کسی قانون را بوجود آورده و بعد زبان را صحبت کردیم، مثل بازیهای جدید. ولی زبانها به این صورت بوجود نیامدند.
زبان بوسیله مردم بوجود آمد که صدا را به تدریج به لغت و جمله تبدیل کردند. هیچ زبانی ثابت نیست و تمام زبانها در طول زمان تغییر می کنند. چیزی که ما آنرا گرامر می خوانیم، به صورت ساده انعکاس یک زبان در یک زمان خاص است.
آیا لازم است که گرامر را یاد بگیریم؟؟؟ جواب سریع این است که "خیر" . مردم زیادی در دنیا بدون اینکه بدانند گرامر چیست زبان خودشان را صحبت می کنند. بچه ها قبل از اینکه لغت گرامر را بدانند صحبت می کنند.
ولی اگه شما برای یاد گیری یک زبان خارجی مصمم هستید، جواب بهتر "بله " است. گرامر نی تواند کمک کند که یک زبان را بهتر و سریع تر یاد بگیرید. مهمه که شما به گرامر به عنوان وسیله ای برای یادگیری بهتر نگاه کنید.مثل یک دوست. وقتی شما گرامر یک زبان را یاد گرفتید، خیلی چیزها را می توانید خودتان یاد بگیرید، بدون اینکه از مجبور باشید از معلم بپرسید یا در کتاب نگاه کنید.
بنابراین به گرامر به عنوان یک وسیله خوب، مثبت نگاه کنید به عنوان وسیله ای که می توانید به کمک آن راه خود را پیدا کنید. مثل نقشه.

Lesson Planning Procedures

LESSON PLANNING PROCEDURES

Source Unknown


Time -- we only have so much of it. The effective teacher cannot create a single extra second of the day -- any more than anyone can. But the effective teacher certainly controls the way time is used. Effective teachers systematically and carefully plan for productive use of instructional time.

One of the primary roles that you will perform as a teacher is that of designer and implementor of instruction. Teachers at every level prepare plans that aid in the organization and delivery of their daily lessons. These plans vary widely in the style and degree of specificity. Some instructors prefer to construct elaborate detailed and impeccably typed outlines; others rely on the briefest of notes handwritten on scratch pads or on the backs of discarded envelopes. Regardless of the format, all teachers need to make wise decisions about the strategies and methods they will employ to help students move systematically toward learner goals.

Teachers need more that a vague, or even a precise, notion of educational goals and objectives to be able to sequence these objectives or to be proficient in the skills and knowledge of a particular discipline. The effective teacher also needs to develop a plan to provide direction toward the attainment of the selected objectives. The more organized a teacher is, the more effective the teaching, and thus the learning, is. Writing daily lesson plans is a large part of being organized.

Several lesson plan outlines will be presented. You as a teacher will probably begin by choosing a desirable outline and sticking fairly close to it. Planning and classroom delivery innovations usually come once you are in the classroom with your own set of learners, have developed your own instructional resources, and have experimented with various strategies. Although fundamental lesson planning elements tend to remain unchanged, their basic formula is always modified to suit the individual teacher's lesson preparation or style of presentation.

The lesson plan is a dreaded part of instruction that most teachers detest. It nevertheless provides a guide for managing the learning environment and is essential if a substitute teacher is to be effective and efficient. Three stages of lesson planning follow:

Stage 1: Pre-Lesson Preparation

  1. Goals
  2. Content
  3. Student entry level


Stage 2: Lesson Planning and Implementation

  1. Unit title
  2. Instructional goals
  3. Objectives
  4. Rationale
  5. Content
  6. Instructional procedures
  7. Evaluation procedures
  8. Materials


Stage 3: Post-Lesson Activities

  1. Lesson evaluation and revision


Lesson planning involves much more than making arbitrary decisions about "what I'm going to teach today." Many activities precede the process of designing and implementing a lesson plan. Similarly, the job of systematic lesson planning is not complete until after the instructor has assessed both the learner's attainment of the anticipated outcomes and effectiveness of the lesson in leading learners to these outcomes.

One final word. Even teachers who develop highly structured and detailed plans rarely adhere to them in lock-step fashion. Such rigidity would probable hinder, rather than help, the teaching-learning process. The elements of your lesson plan should be thought of as guiding principles to be applied as aids, but not blueprints, to systematic instruction. Precise preparation must allow for flexible delivery. During actual classroom interaction, the instructor needs to make adaptations and to add artistry to each lesson plan and classroom delivery.

What is IELTS ؟

?What is IELTS

IELTS Test

International English Language Testing System ( IELTS ) is a test of English language proficiency. It is jointly managed by the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, the British Council and IDP Education Australia.
IELTS Modules

:Candidates may choose either the Academic Module or the General Training Module
* The Academic Module is intended for those wishing to enrol in universities and other institutions of higher education.
* The General Training Module is intended for those planning to undertake non-academic training or to gain work experience, or for immigration purposes.

?Where is IELTS Accepted
IELTS is accepted by most Australian, British, Canadian, Irish, New Zealand and South African academic institutions, by many academic institutions in the United States, and also by various professional organisations.
IELTS Features

:The IELTS incorporates the following features
* A variety of accents and writing styles are presented in text materials in order to minimise linguistic bias. The test focuses on "International English", which includes British English, American English and other varieties.

* IELTS tests the ability to speak, read, listen and write in English.

* Two test formats can be chosen from - Academic and General Training.

* Band scores are used for each language sub-skill (Speaking, Listening, Reading and Writing). The Band Scale ranges from 1 ("Non User") to 9 ("Expert User").


:There are 2 versions of the test
the Academic Module and the General Training Module. The Academic Module is usually for people wanting to follow an Academic Course in English and the General Training Module is usually for people wanting to follow a non-academic course or for immigration. Both modules are in four parts: listening, reading, writing and speaking.

:IELTS is administered by 4 organisations
University of Cambridge ESOL Exams
The British Council
IDP Education Australia
IELTS Australia

IELTS has been accepted as the standard international test system for English language proficiency by a whole range of institutions. These include the majority of all education establishments operating in English in Australia, Canada, the UK and New Zealand. US educational institutions are also now starting to use it. Many international immigration services also use the IELTS as well as various professional organisations including the British and Australian Medical Councils and the UK Ministry of Defence.

یکهزار و صد واژه ی پرکاربرد در اخبار - بخش دوم

Admit: To accept, to express one's guilt or responsibility
پذیرفتن، اقرار کردن


Adult: A grown person
بزرگسال


Advise: To help with information, knowledge or ideas in making a decision
نصیحت کردن، آگاهانیدن


Affect: To produce an effect on. To influence
اثر کردن


Afraid: Feeling fear
هراسان


Agency: An organization that is part of a larger group
نمایندگی


Agression: An attack against a person or country. The violation of a country's borders
تهاجم، تجاوز


Agriculture: Farming
کشاورزی


Aid: To help. To support. Help, assistance
کمک کردن، پشتیبانی کردن، دستیاری


Aim: To point a gun at. A goal or purpose
قراول رفتن، هدف


Air force: A military organization using airplanes
نیروی هوائی


Airplane: A vehicle with wings that flies
هواپیما


Airport: A place where airplanes take off and land
فرودگاه


Ally: A nation or person joined with another for a special purpose
هم پیمان


Almost: A little less than completely
تقریباً
 


Along: Near, or on
همراه، نزدیک


Although: Even if it is true that
اگرچه


Ambassador: A nation's highest diplomatic representativeto another government
سفیر


Amend: To add to or to change a proposal or law
اصلاح کردن